Optics
Optics studies the behavior and properties of light, including reflection, refraction, and image formation.
Snell's Law
Calculate refraction angles and analyze light behavior at media boundaries.
Magnification
Calculate linear and angular magnification for optical systems.
Thin Lens Equation
Find image distance and magnification using 1/f = 1/u + 1/v.
Spherical Mirror Equation
Calculate image position and magnification for concave and convex mirrors.
Lens Power
Convert focal length to diopters and combine thin lens powers.
Critical Angle
Find critical angle for total internal reflection between two media.
Diffraction Grating
Calculate diffraction angles using d sin θ = mλ.
Young's Double Slit
Find interference fringe spacing β = λD/d.
Brewster's Angle
Calculate polarization angle tan θB = n₂/n₁.
Optical Path Difference
Compute OPD = 2nt for thin-film interference.
Angular Resolution
Rayleigh criterion θ = 1.22λ/D for circular apertures.
Telescope Magnification
Angular magnification M = f_o/f_e for astronomical telescopes.