Class 12 Physics

Key Concepts

• •Electric Charges and their Properties
• •Coulomb's Law and Force between Charges
• •Electric Field and Field Lines
• •Electric Dipole and Dipole Moment
• •Gauss's Law and Applications

Examples

• 💡Calculating force between two point charges
• 💡Electric field due to point charge
• 💡Electric field due to dipole
• 💡Gauss's law for spherical symmetry

Related Calculators

Important Formulas

• 📐F = k(q₁q₂)/r² (Coulomb's Law)
• 📐E = kQ/r² (Electric Field)
• 📐V = kQ/r (Electric Potential)
• 📐Φ = E⋅A (Electric Flux)

Key Concepts

• •Electric Potential and Potential Difference
• •Equipotential Surfaces
• •Capacitors and Capacitance
• •Parallel and Series Combinations
• •Energy Stored in Capacitors

Examples

• 💡Calculating potential due to point charge
• 💡Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor
• 💡Energy stored in capacitor
• 💡Capacitors in series and parallel

Related Calculators

Important Formulas

• 📐C = ε₀A/d (Parallel Plate Capacitor)
• 📐U = ½CV² (Energy Stored)
• 📐1/C_eq = 1/C₁ + 1/C₂ (Series)
• 📐C_eq = C₁ + C₂ (Parallel)

Key Concepts

• •Electric Current and Drift Velocity
• •Ohm's Law and Resistance
• •Resistivity and Conductivity
• •Kirchhoff's Laws
• •Wheatstone Bridge and Potentiometer

Examples

• 💡Current through conductor
• 💡Resistance of wire
• 💡Kirchhoff's laws in circuits
• 💡Wheatstone bridge balance

Related Calculators

Important Formulas

• 📐I = q/t (Current)
• 📐R = ρl/A (Resistance)
• 📐V = IR (Ohm's Law)
• 📐P = VI (Power)

Key Concepts

• •Magnetic Field and Field Lines
• •Lorentz Force and Motion of Charges
• •Biot-Savart Law
• •Ampere's Law and Applications
• •Magnetic Force on Current Carrying Wire

Examples

• 💡Force on moving charge in magnetic field
• 💡Magnetic field due to current carrying wire
• 💡Circular motion of charged particle
• 💡Force on current carrying conductor

Related Calculators

Important Formulas

• 📐F = qvBsinθ (Lorentz Force)
• 📐B = μ₀I/2πr (Wire)
• 📐F = IlBsinθ (Wire in Field)
• 📐r = mv/qB (Radius of Path)

Key Concepts

• •Faraday's Law of Induction
• •Lenz's Law and Direction of Induced Current
• •Self Inductance and Mutual Inductance
• •Eddy Currents
• •AC Generator and Transformer

Examples

• 💡EMF induced in moving conductor
• 💡Self inductance of solenoid
• 💡Transformer principle
• 💡Eddy current losses

Related Calculators

Important Formulas

• 📐ε = -dΦ/dt (Faraday's Law)
• 📐L = μ₀n²Al (Self Inductance)
• 📐M = μ₀n₁n₂Al (Mutual Inductance)
• 📐V₁/V₂ = N₁/N₂ (Transformer)

Key Concepts

• •AC Voltage and Current
• •RMS Values and Peak Values
• •Impedance and Reactance
• •Resonance in LCR Circuit
• •Power Factor and Power

Examples

• 💡RMS value calculation
• 💡Impedance of LCR circuit
• 💡Resonance frequency
• 💡Power factor correction

Related Calculators

Important Formulas

• 📐V_rms = V₀/√2 (RMS Voltage)
• 📐Z = √(R² + (X_L - X_C)²) (Impedance)
• 📐f₀ = 1/2π√(LC) (Resonance)
• 📐P = VIcosφ (Power)

Key Concepts

• •Reflection and Refraction
• •Snell's Law and Total Internal Reflection
• •Lenses and Mirrors
• •Optical Instruments
• •Dispersion and Scattering

Examples

• 💡Image formation by lenses
• 💡Refraction through prism
• 💡Microscope and telescope
• 💡Total internal reflection

Related Calculators

Important Formulas

• 📐n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂ (Snell's Law)
• 📐1/f = 1/u + 1/v (Lens Formula)
• 📐m = -v/u (Magnification)
• 📐sinθ_c = n₂/n₁ (Critical Angle)

Key Concepts

• •Wave Nature of Light
• •Interference and Young's Experiment
• •Diffraction and Single Slit
• •Polarization
• •Resolving Power

Examples

• 💡Young's double slit experiment
• 💡Single slit diffraction
• 💡Polarization by reflection
• 💡Resolving power of telescope

Related Calculators

Important Formulas

• 📐d = λD/a (Fringe Width)
• 📐θ = λ/a (Diffraction Angle)
• 📐R = λ/Δλ (Resolving Power)
• 📐I = I₀cos²θ (Polarization)

Key Concepts

• •Photoelectric Effect
• •Einstein's Photoelectric Equation
• •de Broglie Wavelength
• •Wave-Particle Duality
• •Davisson-Germer Experiment

Examples

• 💡Photoelectric effect calculations
• 💡de Broglie wavelength
• 💡Work function determination
• 💡Wave-particle duality

Related Calculators

Important Formulas

• 📐E = hf (Photon Energy)
• 📐K_max = hf - φ (Photoelectric)
• 📐λ = h/p (de Broglie)
• 📐E = mc² (Mass-Energy)

Key Concepts

• •Bohr's Model of Atom
• •Atomic Spectra
• •Nuclear Structure
• •Radioactivity and Decay
• •Nuclear Fission and Fusion

Examples

• 💡Bohr radius calculation
• 💡Energy levels in atom
• 💡Radioactive decay
• 💡Nuclear binding energy

Related Calculators

Important Formulas

• 📐r_n = n²r₁ (Bohr Radius)
• 📐E_n = -13.6/n² eV (Energy Levels)
• 📐N = N₀e^(-λt) (Decay)
• 📐E = Δmc² (Binding Energy)

Key Concepts

• •Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors
• •P-N Junction and Diode
• •Transistors and Amplifiers
• •Logic Gates
• •Digital Electronics

Examples

• 💡Diode characteristics
• 💡Transistor amplifier
• 💡Logic gate operations
• 💡Digital circuit design

Related Calculators

Important Formulas

• 📐I = I₀(e^(V/V_T) - 1) (Diode)
• 📐β = I_C/I_B (Transistor Gain)
• 📐V_out = -R_f/R_in × V_in (Op-Amp)
• 📐f = 1/2πRC (Oscillator)

Key Concepts

• •Elements of Communication System
• •Amplitude and Frequency Modulation
• •Transmission and Reception
• •Satellite Communication
• •Internet and Mobile Communication

Examples

• 💡AM and FM modulation
• 💡Satellite communication
• 💡Mobile phone operation
• 💡Internet data transmission

Related Calculators

Important Formulas

• 📐m = A_m/A_c (Modulation Index)
• 📐BW = 2f_m (Bandwidth)
• 📐P = P_tG_tG_r/(4πd)² (Power)
• 📐SNR = P_signal/P_noise (Signal-to-Noise)